Yangon Directory 2013

91%4.7%Christianity 3.2%1.0%Others 0.1%Yangonite01YGNWebsiteThis article contains. Without proper, you may see instead of.Yangon (veroogdj; pronunciation, lit. 'End of Strife'), formerly known as Rangoon, is the of the and the largest city of (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the until 2006, when the relocated the administrative functions to the purpose-built city of in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's most populous city and its most important commercial centre.Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia, and has a unique that is remarkably intact.

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The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the, which is reputed to be over 2,000 years old. The city is also home to the gilded – Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda. The mausoleum of the is located in Yangon, where he had been exiled following the of 1857.Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate, especially compared to other major cities in. Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure. See also: and Early history Yangon was founded as in the early 11th century ( c.

1028–1043) by the, who dominated Lower Burma at that time. A Mon princess named ruled Dagon as from 1364 to 1392. Her grandniece, (also known as Thau) ascended the throne of in 1545 and would become the only female ruler in the recorded history of Myanmar.

Shin Sawbu built a palace next to the in the town in 1460 and spent her semi-retired life at that palace until her passing in 1471.In 1755, the founder of the captured Dagon, renamed it 'Yangon', and added settlements around Dagon. In the 1790s, the opened a factory in Yangon. The estimated population of Yangon in 1823 was about 30,000.

The captured Yangon during the (1824–26), but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841. Colonial Rangoon (1852–1948). Damage of central Rangoon in the aftermath of World War II.The British seized Yangon and all of in the of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. After the war, the British moved the capital of British Burma from Moulmein (present-day ) to Yangon. Yangon was also the place where the British sent, the last emperor, to live after the. Based on the design by army engineer Lt.

Alexander Fraser, the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the and to the south and west by the. Yangon became the capital of all after the British had captured in the of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of (Kandawgyi). The British also established hospitals including and colleges including.Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as 'the garden city of the East.'

By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.Before, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was or, and only about a third was (Burman)., the, the and others made up the rest.After, Yangon became the centre of Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against the in 1920, 1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945.Yangon became the capital of the Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.Contemporary Yangon (1948–present) Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current changed the city's English name to 'Yangon', along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications and news bureaus, including, most notably, the and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as, and in the 1950s to, and in the 1980s.

Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi).During 's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the current military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls, leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the in 1996. Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country. Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection.Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence.

After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government. Nevertheless, sizeable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007.

The resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the then capital city. The saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangoon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students.The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government.In May 2008, hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three-quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.In November 2005, the military government designated, 320 kilometres (199 mi) north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and the most important commercial centre of Myanmar.On 7 May 2005, a series of coordinated bombings occurred in the city of Yangon, Myanmar.

Eleven people were killed in the attack, and among the 162 people that were injured was a member of the LCMS mission team to Myanmar. This is related to the.Geography. Yangon metropolitan areaYangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the and Rivers about 30 km(19 mi) away from the at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.23 meters above sea level.Climate Yangon has a under the system. The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen.

It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of the year 1961 to 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C (84 to 97 °F) and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F). An apartment building in the city centreUnlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are 'condos' scattered across prosperous neighbourhoods north of downtown such as,. The tallest building in Yangon, Pyay Gardens, is a 25-story condo in the city's north.Older satellite towns such as, and are lined mostly with one to two-story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as and are in a grid layout. The satellite towns—old or new—receive little or no municipal services.Road layout.

A popular park near downtown Yangon Parks and gardens The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around. To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city –. The 150-acre (61-ha) lake is surrounded by the 110-acre (45-ha), and the 69.25-acre (28-ha), which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park. West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 130-acre (53-ha), (the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.) A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 37-acre (15-ha) – a favourite hangout place of students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.and at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.Administration Yangon is administered by the (YCDC).

YCDC also coordinates. The city is made up of 33 townships and is part of. Yangon Region is divided into four districts, which overlap with the city's jurisdiction. Each township is administered by a Township Development Committee, alongside local leaders who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. 'New Towns', or ) are not within such jurisdictions.List of Yangon City Townships by District: Western DistrictEastern DistrictSouthern DistrictNorthern District.Yangon is a member of.Transport Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.Air.

Is the main terminus of ' 5,403-kilometre (3,357 mi) rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (, ), upcountry , Shan hills (, ) and the Taninthayi coast (, ).operates a 45.9-kilometre (28.5 mi) 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily used by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily. The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.In 2017 the government of japan provided more than US$ 200 million in finance to assist with a range of works including developing and maintaining the Yangon circular railway line, purchasing new carriages and upgrading signalling. Buses and cars Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre (2,769 mi) road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars. The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day.

All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum. Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country.Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people, car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively. A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000. Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars.

Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.Since 1970, cars have been driven on the right side of the road in Burma, as part of a military decree. However, as the government has not required (LHD) cars to accompany the right side road rules, many cars on the road are still right hand drive (RHD) made for driving on the left side. Japanese used cars, which make up most of the country's imports, still arrive with RHD and are never converted to LHD. As a result, Burmese drivers have to rely on their passengers when passing other cars.

A taxi in YangonWithin Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, bus lines have been forbidden to run in 6 townships of central Yangon, namely,. In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce.

In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.On 16 January 2017, as part of public transport reforms, city bus network system (YBS) was created by the. YBS is claimed to be disabled-friendly bus and have card payment system. Ride hailing services operated by private corporations such as and are also available in Yangon today. River Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to and, and regional ferries to the. The 22-mile (35 km) was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises. In 2017 October, a New Yangon Water Bus was launched.

A ferry in Yangon in 2016 Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%182410,000—185646,000+360.0%1872100,000+117.4%1881165,000+65.0%1891181,000+9.7%1901248,000+37.0%1911295,000+19.0%1921340,000+15.3%1931400,000+17.6%1941500,000+25.0%19501,302,000+160.4%19601,592,000+22.3%19701,946,000+22.2%19802,378,000+22.2%19902,907,000+22.2%20003,553,000+22.2%20105,348,000+50.5%Sources: 1846, 1872–1941, 1950–2025Yangon is the most populous city by far in Burma although estimates of the size of its population vary widely. All population figures are estimates since no official census has been conducted in Burma since 1983. A UN estimate puts the population as 4.35 million in 2010 but a 2009 US State Department estimate puts it at 5.5 million. The US State Department's estimate is probably closer to the real number since the UN number is a straight-line projection, and does not appear to take the expansion of city limits in the past two decades into account. The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s.

Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While formed the slight majority prior to World War II, today, the majority of the population is of (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indian/Bangladeshi Burmese and the exist especially in the traditional downtown neighbourhoods. A large number of and also live in the city.is the principal language of the city.

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English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed some to study other languages: is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French. Religions The primary religions practised in Yangon are, Christianity. Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city.Media Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper and book publishing industries. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board,.Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon.

And are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language news and entertainment programmes. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via Internet, and Channel 7 (Yangon) are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specialising in broadcasting foreign movies.Yangon has three radio stations. Is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Pop culture oriented and radio stations specialise in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies ( မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and ( ကြေးမုံ), and the English language – are published by the government.

Semi-governmental weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. Over twenty special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, literature (but never politics) vie for the readership of the general populace.Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of one million. Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of Internet control. International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.

Communication Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008. In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones), and 400,000 computers.

Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years. Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted Internet, and a heavily censored local intranet. According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although Internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000. Lifestyle.

The at night time, at, which is one of a few major recreational parks in Yangon.Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 650-to-750-square-foot (60 to 70 m 2) apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)Most men of all ages (and some women) spend their time at ubiquitous tea-shops, found in any corner or street of the city. Watching European football (mostly English with occasional, ) matches while sipping tea is a popular pastime among many Yangonites. The average person stays close to his or her residential neighbourhood. The well-to-do tend to visit shopping malls and parks on weekends. Some leave the city on weekends for and beach resorts in.

Temple procession cartYangon is also home to many ( paya pwe), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer some kind of nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese.

Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon.Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash.

(The highest denomination of Burmese currency is 10 000 (US$10.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels. Credit cards are also accepted in the major supermarket and convenience store chains.Sports As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon.

The 40,000-seat and the 32,000-seat are the main venues for the highly popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now defunct, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs, played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich and Manchester City are among the favourite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the, the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market.Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament.

The city hosted the 1961 and 1969. During colonial times, was played mostly by British officials in the city. Was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring played and the. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the and the. These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma.

After independence cricket all but died out in the country.Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma. German non-profit organisation has received permission from the to construct a concrete skatepark at park in downtown, and plans to complete the park in November 2015.

Teashop on PavementThe city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic food stuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Is the largest wholesale centre in the country for rice, and, and other agricultural commodities. Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships.

However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence, presumably to clean up the city's image. Since 1 December 2009, have been banned by city authorities.Manufacturing accounts for a sizeable share of employment. At least 14 light ring Yangon, directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010.

The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life. The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. Chronic power shortages) and political problems (e.g.

Economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power; yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed. Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low—about 250,000 before the in September 2007.

The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution. The recent improvement in the country's political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists.

Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon's modest hotel infrastructure—only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are 'suitable for tourists'—is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors. As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon's outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in, and Htaukkyant Townships.

Education. University of Medicine 1Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world. Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget. The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced 'donations' and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries, forcing many poor students to drop out.While many students in poor districts fail to reach, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as, and provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country. The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as or more widely known as, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education.

In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. Literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as, the and the. Nonetheless many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities.

The, and are the most selective in the country. Health care. Yangon General HospitalThe general state of health care in Yangon is poor.

According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defence. By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals.

Public hospitals including the flagship lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and have any sizeable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic.

is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually or Singapore, for treatment.The following are healthcare facilities in Yangon in 2010–2011. FY 2010–2011# of public hospitals# of private hospitalsPhysician-patient ratioEastern DistrictWestern DistrictSouthern District2311:18,176Northern District2551:13,647Notable sites.

St Mary's Cathedral at the corner of Bo Aung Kyaw Road Pagodas.Recreation. (Scott's Market). (formerly Lake Victoria). (formerly Royal Lake). Sain Lan So Pyae Garden.

(Yangon Zoo)Museums and art galleries.Concert halls and theatres.International relations Yangon is a member of the.Twin towns – sister cities Yangon is twinned with:., Jiangsu, China (1997)., Yunnan, China (2008)., Guangxi, China (2009)., Vietnam (2012)., South Korea (2013)., Italy (2013)., Japan (2016)., Philippines (2017)References. Singapore: Ministry of Transport, Myanmar. 17–19 March 2008.

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